Kubernetes Service Discovery

This post it outdated, and left here for SEO reasons only! It's been superseded by managing-services-metadata, so read that instead! :)

One of the simplest things we've done at AutoTrader that's had huge impact is ensuring that our services are easily discoverable, with rich metadata.

When you have a large organisation, if services aren't discoverable - you'll end up with disparate teams building services that look very similar. True store: Once upon a time, we had 5 different services whose function was to lookup postcodes!

Also during incidents, historically we lost a lot of time finding out the basics like who owns the service, when it was last deployed, what version is currently deployed, who committed in that deployment and so on.

All of this is just metadata associated to a deployed service, some of which is provided by the teams, others you infer at deployment time. We wanted to surface it as quickly as possible.

Options We Considered

There are lots of different approaches for tackling this problem. One of the more common is to use annotations on the kubernetes resources which are arbitrary key/value(string) pairs. We decided against this because:

• A single service will have many (sometimes different) resources associated to it. Annotating them all seems wasteful, but only annotation specific resources makes discoverability harder.
• We want to store a relatively large amount of a metadata
• We want to be able to watch for changes specifically to metadata
• We wanted to be able to constrain the input with JSON Schema and store types other than strings

Another approach is to have a separate service and datastore responsible for tracking this information, we decided against this because:

• We wanted to be able to inspect the service metadata on the kubernetes cluster, using kubectl
• We didn't want to build and manage another system
• We wanted the resources to be tied to the application deployment as a first class citizen

As a result we decided to use Kubernetes Custom Resources.

Creating a Custom Resource Definition

Custom resources allow you to extend the kubernetes API with new types. Think about your Deployment, Pod, StatefulSet etc. They're all just data types, and you can add your own. So in our case we wanted to add a service.atcloud.io, that's trivially done with a manifest like this:

apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1
kind: CustomResourceDefinition
metadata:
  name: services.atcloud.io
spec:
  conversion:
    strategy: None
  group: atcloud.io
  names:
    kind: Service
    listKind: ServiceList
    plural: services
    singular: service
  scope: Namespaced
  versions:
    - name: v1
      served: true
      storage: true
      schema:
        openAPIV3Schema:
          type: object
          properties:
            spec:
              x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields: true
              type: object
              properties:
                name:
                  description: The display name for the application
                  type: string
                description:
                  description: A brief description of the application
                  type: string

Obviously this is a pretty trivial example, we capture all sorts of information like the owner, the squad etc. Apply this to your cluster, and just like magic you'll be able to access that type via kubectl:

❯ kubectl get services.atcloud.io
No resources found in default namespace.

Creating a Custom Resource

Now you've defined the schema, you can start creating resources to track your metadata.

apiVersion: atcloud.io/v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: skippr
  namespace: skippr
spec:
  description: Skippr receives alerts from prometheus-alertmanager, enriches them, and forwards them on to slack and pagerduty 
  name: skippr

Lets get that resource:

❯ kubectl -n skippr get service.atcloud.io
NAME     OWNER                             SQUAD            
skippr   Karl Stoney                       infrastructure   

Great! Something you might have noticed here is that we've got OWNER and SQUAD being printed out by kubectl. These are defined in your CustomResourceDefinition by adding additional printer columns, like this:

spec:
  versions:
    - name: v1
      additionalPrinterColumns:
        - description: Application Owner
          jsonPath: .spec.owner
          name: Owner
          type: string
        - description: Squad responsible for application
          jsonPath: .spec.squad
          name: Squad
          type: string

One thing to note, we don't expect our teams to write kubernetes manifests. We have a separate abstraction based on Helm over the top of this. We only expect product teams to provide a simple serviceDiscovery block, which we map to the above CRD:

serviceDiscovery:
  name: skippr
  description: Skippr receives alerts from prometheus-alertmanager, enriches them, and forwards them on to slack and pagerduty 
  owner: Karl Stoney

Deploy time Dynamic Data

As I showed above, we expect product teams to provide a simple serviceDiscovery block in their values file, which we map to a CRD. But then at deployment time, our CI and CD tooling injects a whole load of deploy time dynamic data. We have a custom CLI which wraps helm, and injects these values. Here's an example of the complete CRD once it's gone through CI:

apiVersion: atcloud.io/v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: skippr
  namespace: skippr
spec:
  baseImage: platform-base-nodejs14
  datastores:
  - redis
  description: Skippr receives alerts from prometheus-alertmanager, enriches them, and forwards them on to slack and pagerduty
    them.
  git:
    lastCommitter: [email protected]
    revision: b1d6f48104d891a06f5bb51efdd2d25a553584eb
    url: https://github.atcloud.io/AutoTrader/skippr
  gocd:
    counter: 1385
    name: shippr-cli.skippr
    stage: non-prod
    triggeredBy: changes
  hosts:
  - app.skippr.testing.k8.atcloud.io
  modifiedOn: "2021-04-26T15:35:47.455Z"
  name: skippr
  owner: Karl Stoney
  serviceTier: 1
  squad: infrastructure
  type: nodejs
  versions:
    phats: 0.1.1133

Surfacing the Data

At AutoTrader, not everyone has access to the Kubernetes cluster. In fact many of our developers are blissfully unaware we're using Kubernetes at all. As a result, we knocked together a relatively simple Platform Dashboard which queries the Kubernetes api for the service.atcloud.io objects directly:

All this is effectively doing is the equivalent of kubectl get services.atcloud.io --all-namespaces and then displaying it in a table. You can then quickly free text search across all services to see if something you want, already exists.

You can then click onto the service, to view much more information:

The most useful aspect of this page is the Service Links section. You'll not that we have links off to the following:

• GoCD VSM: This is the specific pipeline that deployed this instance of the application to the cluster
• Git Source Code: This is the specific commit that has been deployed
• Jager/Logs/Metrics: Direct links to observability tooling for this release.

Other uses for the Metadata

Once the metadata is in place, you can start to enrich other business processes with it. For example; the application above (Skippr) acts as intermediary between Prometheus AlertManager, and Slack. It receives incoming Prometheus alerts and "Enriches" the with various information, before forwarding onto Slack.

Immediately here you can see that because sauron-web-mobile has a service.atcloud.io object, we were able to enrich that alert with the service owner, and tag them to let them know there's an issue with the service that they own.

Here you can see the lastCommitter service information being used to tag the person who broke the build. You can see links directly to the GoCD VSM and the Git Commit both being pulled from the service.atcloud.io object.

Conclusion

Hopefully this shows you some of the rich user experiences you can build once you start capturing service metadata, with relatively little effort.